Here's a really interesting experimental idea that can lead to a vast number of variations for students to create an original research study. Set up a hydraulic jump experiment, which consists of a water source and a stream of falling water (i.e. the water jet in a jump experiment) that lands on a hard surface.
The idea is to put a 3D object of whatever shape at the location where the jet of water is supposed to land on a flat surface. The water in the jet flows over the surface of the object, and then onto the flat surface, where the experimentalist then measures whatever jump and pattern that takes place. Here is an example of an experiment where hemispheres, spheres, cubes and cylinders were used. Students can use whatever shaped objects they have lying around their house or school lab, or they can design and create any shaped 3D object with a 3D printer, ceramics, clay, or other material that is available.
Numerous options await - be creative with the shapes of the objects being used. Measure the flow patterns and any jumps that form under a wide variety of conditions. You can vary the height from which the water jet falls, the diameter of the jet, the dimensions of the object on which a water jet falls, the material from which the 3D object is made, the orientation of the object relative to the jet, and so on. One may nbe interested in trying to find a mathematical parameter that should be added to theoretical treatments of hydraulic jump, when one needs to account for the shape of the surface water lands on.
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